Index

Abberly, Paul, 223
Adamson, Christopher, 40, 122, 124
Adler, Jeffrey, 112
admission procedures, 139–47
alcoholism, 101, 190
Alexandra Industrial School for Girls, 134
Archibald, W. P., 259
Auburn system (New York): collection of biographic details of prisoners at, 98–99
emphasis on contract labour, 28–29, 35–36, 280n19
expansion in the U.S., 26, 28
failures of system in North America, 42
as a model for Kingston Penitentiary, 32, 39, 42, 44, 56–57, 61, 99
principles and disciplinary practices of, 26–28, 42–44, 62, 64, 80, 147
Upper Canada’s adoption of, 31–32, 38–39, 63
Australiana (Maconochie), 76
banishment, 29
Baylis, William, 193
Beauché, Antoine (brother of Narcisse), 49–50
Beauché, Narcisse, 1–2
Beccarian notions of crime, 26, 280n16
Bedson, Samuel: disciplinary program for First Nation prisoners, 128–29
enforcing of rules and regulations, 126, 148–49
response to escaping prisoners, 162–64
staff discipline and treatment, 152, 233
standards for corporal punishment, 235, 244
use of labour for mental patients, 208, 211
use of numbers for prisoner identity, 145–46
Belter, Fred, 158–59
Big Bear, Chief, 127, 291n110
black people: prisoners, 15, 121–24, 194, 198, 251–52
slavery, 120–22
Booth, Charles, 112–13
Bourke, David, 245
Brace, Charles Loring, 111–12
Bridewells, 8, 22–23, 28
Bristow, William, 62–64
British Columbia Penitentiary: corporal punishment, 229, 240–41
elimination of communal meals, 169
financial corruption at, 177–78
First Nations prisoners, 198
founding date, 18
geographic isolation of, 271
hospital facilities, 185–86
intimidation and bullying at, 156–57
prisoner exploitation and cruelty at, 178–79
prisoner insubordination, 155
rule of silence at, 149
security measures, 160
Brockway, Z. R., 234–35
Brown Commission: investigations into abuse at Kingston Penitentiary, 1–2, 47–57, 116
members, 46, 282n65
recommendations for reforming Kingston Penitentiary, 61–70
reforms for corporal punishment, 10, 49, 227–28, 243
separate institution for female prisoners, 87
on treatment of children, 50, 132
Brown, George, 2, 4
editorial on corporal punishment, 45
proposals for penitentiary reform, 62–69, 71–73
solutions for childhood criminality, 132, 134. See also Brown Commission
Brown, Harry, 205
buffalo trade, 125, 290n97
Burgess, T.J.W., 209–10
California Penological Commission, 257–58
Campbell, James, 161
Canadian Freeman, 88
Canadian Medical and Surgical Journal (1882), 217
Canadian penitentiary board: administrative strife, 44
power relations, 45–46, 82–83, 85
prison reform program, 81, 88–89, 246
report on prostitution, 115
responsibilities of, 79
Canadian penitentiary system: Brown Commission influence on, 61–62
capitalist foundations of, 270
creation of, 18, 82–84
failures or shortcomings of, 90–91, 261–62, 269
fallacy on standard of punishment, 272
geographic isolation of penitentiaries, 223, 271
medical services to prisoners, 224
prisoner uniform scheme, 145–46
Canadian Temperance Advocate, 101, 111
capitalism: Calvinism and, 34
and class structure, 7
labour-power and, 223. See also industrial capitalism
capital punishment, 23, 26, 29
Carpenter, Mary: on dangerous classes, 110
on female criminals, 115
“reformatory prison discipline” term usage, 284n29
reformatory schools for juvenile delinquents, 133–34
visit to Kingston Penitentiary, 84, 93–94
Carter Cash, June, 272–73
Cartwright, C. E., 135
Cash, Johnny, 272–73, 275
cell blocks, 142–43
chaplaincy, 66, 68, 71–73, 98–101, 135
Charboneau, Peter, 49–50
Charlestown Penitentiary (Massachusetts), 64
Cherry Hill Penitentiary (Philadelphia), 63–64
Chevalier, Louis, 108–9
children: corporal punishment inflicted on, 1–2, 49–50, 228, 242–43
criminality and juvenile delinquency, 101, 131–32, 136–37
of dangerous classes, 110
reformatory schools and institutions for, 110, 133–35
reform discourse about, 135
residential schools for, 198–99
sexual assault on, 159–60
Child Savers, The (Platt), 134
Chinese people: immigration, 113
prisoners, 15, 157, 198
Christian canon law, 21
Christian salvation, 21–22
Chupik, Jessa, 219
class: capitalism and, 7
control, 3, 33, 186
criminal, 59, 108, 113, 190, 231
factor in youth imprisonment, 136
and inequality of social experience, 7
and mental illness, 209
middle class, 86, 94, 216
producing, 38–39
struggles, 4, 8, 10. See also dangerous classes; working class
classification: Belgian system of, 250–51
categories of mental illness, 200
in Crofton system of segregation, 80–81, 90, 246–47, 257
of dangerous classes, 110–11, 113
by degree of incorrigibility, 13
Foucault on, 14
individualism and, 98, 246
of the intellectually disabled, 220, 222
of juvenile delinquents, 133
by levels of criminality, 65, 70–71, 94–95, 104
medical, 60, 131, 182–83
by prisoner uniforms, 145–46
Colvin, Mark, 43
common law, 21, 43
communication: between criminologists and penal reformers, 97
for prisoners with outside world, 175–76
suppression of prisoner, 28, 43, 147–50
congregate system, 27, 65. See also Auburn system
Constantine, 20–21
constructions of criminality: associated with class and poverty, 15, 102, 113, 270
and claims to criminological knowledge, 268
corporal punishment and, 226, 232
created by the penitentiary, 267–68
and desperation of escaping prisoners, 164
and ideology of prison labour, 10
and incorrigibility, 12, 106, 231
individualistic understandings and, 102, 137
involving juvenile delinquents, 131, 135
key constructions of, 95
in post-Confederation Canada, 97
racialized, 120, 124, 128. See also criminality
contracts: at Auburn Penitentiary, 27–28
at Kingston Penitentiary, 40–42, 57
legislation on, 36–37
at St. Vincent de Paul Penitentiary, 173–74
contractual penal servitude: adopted in Upper Canada, 29, 31, 35, 42
in Auburn system, 27, 280n19
and capitalist systems of production, 28–29
failure of, 270
opposition to, 36–38
as a replacement for slavery, 122. See also prison labour
Cork, Leslie, 162–63
corporal punishment: in Auburn system of discipline, 28, 44
at British Columbia Penitentiary, 229, 240–41
curtailment or reductions in, 12, 227–29
emotional nature of, 233–35, 242
of female prisoners, 48–49, 228
inflicted on children and youth, 1–2, 49–50, 228, 242–43
isolation as an alternative, 5, 12, 226, 245–46
legitimacy of, 236
to maintain order and authority, 239–40
at Manitoba Penitentiary, 229, 243–44
in military discipline, 229, 244
origins in ancient times, 20–21
performed in front of prison population, 177
public responses to, 236–37
in public schools, 229–30, 242
rates and incidences at Kingston Penitentiary, 46–53, 167, 228, 241–43
rationalizations for, 230–33, 242
reform ideas and humane approaches to, 10–11, 225–26, 230
as a response to incorrigibility, 12, 105, 164, 228, 231, 238–41
as a response to mutiny attempts, 168
at St. Vincent de Paul Penitentiary, 229, 238–39, 243
subjective nature of, 240–41
survival or sustainability of, 11–12, 230–31
corruption: at British Columbia Penitentiary, 177–79
of children and youth prisoners, 101, 158
at Kingston Penitentiary, 2, 45–46, 51–53, 56, 179
at St. Vincent de Paul Penitentiary, 170–77, 229
Costen, Thomas, 50
Coverdale, William, 53
Cox, Julia, 52
Cree political leaders, 127
Creighton, John: appointment to Kingston Penitentiary, 83–84, 88
on placing trust in prisoners, 157–58
views on punishment, 230–31, 239, 241
Crime and Punishment (Maconochie), 76–77
criminality: causes of, 97–102
classification levels, 65, 70–71, 94–95, 104
and dangerous classes, 111–13
discourses on corporal punishment and, 226, 232, 238
feminine, 86–87, 114–19
of First Nations people, 15, 124–31
of habitual offenders, 103–7
individuality and, 14–16, 96–98, 168–69, 248–49, 257
intellectual disability and, 220
of juvenile delinquents or youth, 101, 131–37
link between intemperance and, 101
and mental illness, 201
penitentiary’s role in creating, 267–69
poor health and, 190
positivist views on, 96–98
poverty and, 108–10
race associations and, 15, 121–24
reformation and, 13–16, 89
social perceptions of, 16
Victorian penal responses to, 98
and working-class associations, 15, 102–3, 108
criminology/criminological science, 96–97, 247, 250, 268
Crofton system, 79, 284n29
classification of prisoners, 90, 246–47, 257
principles of, 80–81, 83
Crofton, Walter, 13, 78–79, 105, 225–26, 284n26. See also Crofton system
Cultures of Darkness (Palmer), 17
curability and incurability, 201–2, 206, 214, 222
customary rights, 43
dangerous classes: children as, 110, 133, 136
First Nations people labelled as, 113, 125, 197
potential threat of, 112, 169, 177
reform and solutions for, 111–12
tied to poverty and labouring classes, 103, 108–113, 115, 191
Dangerous Classes of New York (Brace), 111–12
Darby, Robert, 214
death penalty, 23, 26, 29
Department of Indian Affairs, 124–25, 195
Department of Justice, 175, 177–78, 212, 238, 258
creation of national penitentiary system, 82, 89
penitentiary board influence on, 79, 81–82
stance on shooting of prisoners, 166
Deragon, J. B., 166–67
Dewdney, Edgar, 128
Dickson, Andrew, 69–70, 74
Digby, Anne, 203, 220, 222
Discipline and Punish (Foucault), 3, 274
discourses: on class, 10
on corporal punishment, 226, 232–33
of criminality, 10, 95, 238
of degeneration, 197–98
on feminine criminality, 116–17
medical, 182–83, 194
racial, 194
reform, 11–12, 179, 230, 234, 242–43
domesticity, 86
Donnelly, John, 252–53
Dorchester Penitentiary (New Brunswick): female labour at, 119
founding date, 18
hospital facilities, 185–86
medical care at, 188, 218
security measures, 160
transfer of Halifax and Saint John prisoners to, 82–83
youth incarceration at, 137, 243
Douglas, Mary, 117
Duchesneau, L. A., 238
Dunsterville, George, 213–14
Dwight, Louis, 4, 72
Dwight, Theodore, 81
Dziekański, Robert, 268
economic crisis (1875), 57, 103
Eddy, Charles, 134, 227
Eddy, Thomas, 33–35
education: compulsory, 134, 220
corporal punishment in primary, 229–30
deficiency in convicts, 99–100
moral reformation through, 14, 65–66, 68, 97, 102, 129, 264
penitentiary staff reluctance toward, 73–74
of slaves, 121
elderly prisoners, 191–92
Elgin, Adelaide, 212
Engels, Friedrich, 112, 223
English prison system, 22–24, 97–98
penal colonies, 75–76
reform and reformers, 25–26, 30, 34, 77–78, 109
“fallen woman,” 114–15
female prisoners: abuse or assault of, 46, 116–17, 160
asylums in Lower Canada for, 87–88
black, 120
corporal punishment for, 48–49, 228
crimes committed by, 118–19
labour duties, 119
limited evidence on, 141
loneliness of, 149–50
with mental illness, 207, 210–11
reform movement for, 85–87, 110
separate accommodations for, 87
feminine criminality, 86–87, 114–19. See also female prisoners
Fenian Brotherhood, 167–69, 297n79
Ferres, J. M., 83, 304n1
Fielding, Henry, 23
First Nations people: “civilization” of prisoners, 129–30
constructions of criminality surrounding, 15, 124
illness and mortality rates of prisoners, 194–99
labelled as dangerous classes, 113, 125, 197
prisoners at Manitoba Penitentiary, 125–31
residential schools, 198
treaties with Canadian government, 125, 290n97
Fitzsimmons, James, 177–79
Flanigan, John, 225, 304n1
Fortier, L. A., 193, 207, 221
Foster, Charles, 176–77
Foster, John, 58, 107, 179
Foucault, Michel: creation of Groupe d’Information sur les Prisons (GIP), 274
on desire to “know the criminal,” 94
on dividing practices in the penitentiary, 14, 186
on labour and sexuality, 215
on the penitentiary as a new mode of punishment, 11
on power relations, 16–17
on reform of the modern penitentiary, 3
Foy, John, 123, 251
Freeland, John H., 48
Fry, Elizabeth, 4, 30, 85–86
Fuller, Margaret, 85–86
Gabbett, Joseph, 166
Gagné, Oscar, 221–22
Gallagher, John, 168
gaols: in England, 21, 24
in Upper Canada, 29–30, 183, 280n26
Garland, David, 14, 98, 234, 269
gender divisions: in constructions of criminality, 15, 114–16, 268
in medical care, 210–12
in treatment of mental illness, 207, 209–10
Globe, The: articles on corporal punishment, 46, 236–37, 242
on death of George Hewell, 256
on murder of Thomas Salter, 158
on prisoner protest at St. Vincent de Paul Penitentiary, 176
story on prisoner anxieties in requesting medical assistance, 189
story on prisoner loneliness, 149–50
on treatment of First Nations people, 128
Grant, Allan, 167–68
Groupe d’Information sur les Prisons (GIP), 274
Grünhut, Max, 22, 98
Habitual Criminals Act: in England, 105, 248
in Ohio, 248
Hagerman, Christopher, 38
Hay, Douglas, 4
Hayvern, Hugh, 158, 256
Herchmer, W. M., 121
Hewell, George, 155, 167, 251–56, 268
Hill, Gary, 245–46
Himmelfarb, Gertrude, 10, 109
History of Sexuality, The (Foucault), 186, 215
Hooper, Thomas, 50
horse stealing, 125–27, 195, 197
House of Assembly, 29, 37, 45, 120
House of Refuge, 132, 134
Howard, John, 23–26, 34, 65, 85
Hughes, William, 253–56
Hugo, Victor, 108–9
human agency, 4, 17, 265
humanitarian reform movement, 2, 5, 33–35, 262–66, 270
hygiene, 25, 113, 146, 183
identity, 143–47
ideology: bourgeois, 34
capitalist, 270
colonial, 128
of contractual penal servitude, 42
contrasts between reform and punishment, 264–65
labour, 19, 33–36, 38–39, 209
and origins of punishment, 274
producer, 38–39
reform and reformers, 15–16, 249, 259
transnational, 223
“idiocy” concept, 219
idleness, 8–10, 22–23, 33–34, 224
Ignatieff, Michael, 11, 24, 186, 274
incorrigibility: and constructions of criminality, 12, 106, 168–69, 231
degrees of, 13, 238
fear and potential threat of, 169
of habitual offenders, 105–8
isolation and segregation as punishment for, 226, 245–46, 249–57
perception of black prisoners, 122–23
violence and corporal punishment as responses to, 12, 105, 164, 228, 231, 238–41
individual criminality, 14–16, 102, 108, 137
isolation system to address, 246–49, 257
and prisoner identity, 145–46
role in prison history, 267–69
in the Victorian era, 96–98
individual reformation, 14–16, 34, 68, 80, 246, 264–65
and rehabilitation of women offenders, 86–87
industrial capitalism, 24, 28–29, 263
Canada’s transition to, 6, 8, 269
industrialization, 9, 28, 96, 111
Industrial Revolution, 6, 24
intellectual disability, 182, 219–23
International Prison Congress (Cincinnati, 1870), 81, 90
Irish penal system, 78–79, 90, 284n26
Irvine, Ann, 117
Irvine, William, 213–14, 244
isolation: Belgian system of, 250–51
geographic, 207, 213, 223–24
historical origins, 21
methods in the separate system, 27, 98
of new convicts, 81, 246
as punishment for incorrigible offenders, 12, 226, 245–46, 249–57
Quaker constructions of, 34. See also Prison of Isolation, Kingston Penitentiary
Jackson, Frank, 205–6
Jackson, George, 274–75
Jamieson, Robert, 101
Jebb, Joshua, 72, 74–76, 78
Joyal, Levi, 161
juvenile delinquents, 131–32
reformatory schools and institutions for, 133–35
keepers and guards: abuse received by, 51–52
charges against, 45
emotional effects of inflicting corporal punishment, 234–35
exchanges and communication with prisoners, 154–55
favouritism, 157–58
power relations with prisoners, 139–40, 172, 252–53
resistance and transgression of, 17–18
split loyalties among, 171, 177
staff discipline and living conditions, 152–53
starvation of prisoners, 53–54
testimonies in shooting of convict Hewell, 254–56
weaponry for protection, 164
Kelm, Mary-Ellen, 198
Kenney, John, 242
Kingston Chronicle and Gazette, 37, 99
Kingston Penitentiary: administration, 40, 66–69, 74
admission procedures, 141–43, 146–47
asylum and treatment of mentally ill, 201, 204–6, 218, 241
black prisoners, 121–23, 251–52
board members, 45–46
Brown Commission investigations, 1–2, 47–57, 116
child prisoners or juvenile delinquents, 1–2, 49–50, 131–32, 135, 292n132
contractual labour and productivity rates, 40–42, 57–58, 282n61, 283n77
corporal punishment rates and incidences, 46–53, 167, 228, 241–43
debt, 40
disciplinary regime, 42, 44–46
escape attempts, 161–65
female incarceration rates, 117–19
female labour, 119
founding date and length of operation, 18
incorrigible prisoners transferred to, 238–39
isolation and segregation practices, 226, 246, 249–57
mail and personal visitors, 151
Mary Carpenter’s visit to, 84, 93–94
medical practices, 183–85, 189, 192–93
as the model for the modern penitentiary, 271
mutiny at, 167–69, 239
planning and construction of, 32, 39–42, 61
prisoner insubordination, 155
recidivism rate, 104
reform at, 61–70, 81, 83–84
riots at, 274
separate institution for women, 87
sexual assault cases, 159–60
silent system, 147–50
starvation of prisoners, 53–56
Susanna Moodie’s visit to, 93–94
working-class prisoner rates, 103, 287n23
Kirchheimer, Otto, 9, 278n13
Knights of Labor, 113
labour. See prison labour
labour ideology, 19, 33–36, 38–39, 209
Labour Union, The, 142
Lafleur, Alexis, 49–50
Lallemand, Claude Francois, 216–17
Lavell, Michael, 190–91
Lavoilette, Godfrey, 171–72
legal reforms: in Upper Canada, 29
in U.S., 26–28
legislation: for increased authority to the warden (1846), 45
and power of penitentiary board, 79, 89
restrictions on prison labour (New York), 36–38
on rewards for escaped convicts, 166
on sentences for habitual offenders, 104–5, 248–49
“ticket of leave,” 249
Le Londe, George, 156
Lewis, W. David, 43, 104
liberal individualism, 61, 95, 108, 110–11, 246
Life in the Clearings Versus the Bush (Moodie), 93, 118
Linebaugh, Peter, 4, 17, 223
Little Pine, 127
Lockean notion of punishment, 61, 132, 164
London Labour and the London Poor (Mayhew), 110
Longbones, John, 125–26
Lower Fort Garry Penitentiary (Manitoba): asylum for the mentally ill, 208–10
First Nations prisoners, 125–26
original location of institution, 18, 82, 208. See also Manitoba Penitentiary
Lynds, Elam, 35, 42–43
Macaulay, Thomas, 31, 38, 42, 62
Macdonald, John A., 83, 88–89, 127, 290n97
stance on corporal punishment, 228, 231
MacDonell, Angus, 73, 117
Macdonell, D. A.: appointment as warden, 72–74, 80, 129, 168
comments on black prisoners, 122–23
corporal punishment rates under, 228
member of penitentiary board, 79
resistance to penitentiary reform, 73, 81–83
Mackenzie, Alexander, 89
Macleod, Roderick C., 127
Maconochie, Alexander: Norfolk penal colony experiments, 75–76, 227, 284n19
prison reform ideas, 13, 76–78, 145, 226, 284n26
Madness and Civilization (Foucault), 186
Magdalen Asylums (Montreal), 87
Making of the English Working Class, The (Thompson), 4
Manitoba Penitentiary: admission rituals, 146–47
asylum and treatment of mentally ill, 205–6, 208–14, 218
black prisoners, 123
corporal punishment at, 229, 235, 243–44
daily schedule of inmates, 143–44
escape attempts at, 161–64
First Nations prisoners, 125–31, 194–97, 199
founding date, 18
geographic isolation of, 271
isolation punishment, 245–46
mutiny at, 163
prisoner feuds, 157
prisoner health, 193–94
prisoner insubordination, 155–56
rule of silence, 148–49
security measures, 160
sexual assault cases, 158–59
staff discipline and living conditions, 152–54, 233
Marks, Grace, 93, 117–18
mark system, 75, 77, 81
Marx, Karl, 6, 112, 223
masculinity, 15, 232–33
Mason, Michael, 216
masturbation, 214–18
Mayberry, Bruce, 159
Mayhew, Henry, 110, 115
Maynard, Steven, 159
McBride, James, 178–79, 240–41
McCabe, James, 157–58
McCalla, Andrea, 128
McCarron, James, 164
McClintock, Anne, 197
McDermott, James, 117–18
McDonell, A. D. O., 252, 255
McGowen, Randall, 25
McLaren, Angus, 220
McLean, Ellen, 210–11
McLennan, Rebecca M., 36, 44, 270, 280n19
McMahan, Edward, 161
mechanics, 36–39, 42
medical power: and control of male sexuality, 214
Foucault on, 186
of penitentiary surgeons, 183, 186–89
medical practice: admission inspections, 146–47, 183
ailments and diseases, 184–85, 190, 196–98
early care at Kingston Penitentiary, 183–85
health of elderly inmates, 191–92
hospital facilities at federal penitentiaries, 185–86
prisoner requests for treatment, 188
race and disease susceptibility, 194–99
responses to non-labouring prisoners, 224
terminally ill prisoners, 192–93
treatment for spermatorrhea, 215–18. See also mental illness
medical reforms, 181–82
Men of Blood (Weiner), 229
mental illness: attributed to long-term solitary confinement, 247
categories of, 200
and control by penitentiary authorities, 213–14
corporal punishment and, 48–49, 241
curability and incurability of, 201–2
custodial to curative care movement, 202–3
experiences of female patients, 207, 209–11
gender divisions in care of, 211–12, 302n91
intellectual disability and, 219–23
Kingston Penitentiary asylum and treatment for, 201, 204–6, 301n76, 301n80
Manitoba Penitentiary asylum and treatment for, 205–6, 208–14
masturbation as a cause of, 215–18
physical labour as a cure for, 206–8
rates at Cherry Hill Penitentiary, 63–64
transferring of prisoners to provincial asylums, 200–203, 241
Mercer Reformatory (Toronto), 88
Meredith, E. A., 79–83, 254, 256
Metcalf, John, 252–54
middle class, 86, 94, 216
Mitchell, Robert, 135, 188, 192, 218
Mitchinson, Wendy, 209
modern penitentiary: based on the silent system, 147
economic basis of, 270–71
Foucault on, 3
historical effects of, 263, 265, 267
prison labour as the foundation for, 8, 19, 33
reform ideals of, 61, 272
and rise of industrial capitalism, 6, 8, 263, 269
Monastic discipline, 21
Moodie, Susanna, 93–94, 118
moral condition, 3, 100
morality: childhood criminality and, 133–35
of killing an escaping prisoner, 166
of poor and working classes, 109–10
moral reformation: in American penitentiaries, 62–64
based on optimistic views of criminality, 95
and desire for prisoner transformation, 264
and redemption through labour, 9, 59, 77–78, 224
and salvation of released prisoners, 258–59
term usage, 277n6
through religious and secular education, 65–66, 68, 71, 73
moral therapy, 203, 206–7, 300n68
Moylan, James G.: appointment as penitentiary inspector, 89
on child convicts, 136–37
complicity in corruption at St. Vincent de Paul Penitentiary, 175
on corporal punishment, 232, 238–39, 242
on escaping prisoners, 160, 163, 166
on habitual offenders, 105–7, 287n32
on indeterminate sentencing, 248, 257–58
on intellectually disabled prisoners, 219–20
on masculinity, 232–33
as penitentiary board member, 88–89
on prison labour, 58–59, 129
on prison uniforms and identity, 145–46
recount of reformer visits to Kingston Penitentiary, 93–94
reform ideas and failures, 90–91
report on recreational grounds at Kingston Penitentiary, 204
on rule of silence, 148
on segregation and isolation of prisoners, 246–47, 249–50
on threat of prisoner outbreaks, 169
on working/living conditions of penitentiary staff, 152–53
Mulkins, Hannibal, 73, 99–100, 102
Munro, Alexander, 218
Murray, Christopher, 164–65
mutiny: at Kingston Penitentiary, 167–69, 239
at Manitoba Penitentiary, 163
neglect, 116–17, 209–11, 267
Nelson, Wolfred: background, 69–70
directive to prison doctors, 215
as member of penitentiary board, 79
praise for female asylums, 87
prison reform ideas, 70–74
Newgate Prison: London, England, 85
New York City, 33–35
New York City Draft Riots (1863), 112
New York Prison Association, 80–81, 86
New York Times, 111
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 234
North West Mounted Police (NWMP), 113, 123–27, 197, 212
Northwest Rebellion (1885), 124, 127–28, 195, 199
Observations in Visiting, Superintendence and Government of Female Prisoners (Fry), 85
O’Connor, Thomas, 240–41
O’Grady, William, 37
Oliver, Peter, 30, 73, 79, 282n70
One Arrow, Chief, 127, 196–97, 291n110
oppression, 91, 248, 261–63, 267, 275
organized labour, 58–59
Ouimet, Télesphore, 170–77, 179, 229
Our Convicts (Carpenter), 115, 284n29
Paget, James, 217
Palmer, Bryan, 17, 42
pardons, 192–93, 196–97
parole, 134, 226, 249, 259
penal colonies, 23, 75–76
Penetanguishene Reformatory, 101, 242
Penitentiary Act (Act for the Better Management of the Penitentiary): post-Confederation (1868), 82–83, 189
Upper Canada (1851), 66, 68–69, 71, 74, 165, 227
Penitentiary Act (England, 1779), 25
Penitentiary Commission, 254–56, 308n74
Pentland, H. Clare, 6, 58
Pentonville Penitentiary, 75, 78, 247
Petchesky, Rosalind, 28–29
Phelan, Daniel, 150–51, 190
Phelan, Maurice, 48
Platt, Anthony M., 134
political economy, 6–7, 9–10, 223, 269, 271
Poor Law, 109, 186
Poundmaker, Chief, 127, 197, 291n110
poverty: and crime connection, 8, 103, 108–13
European responses to, 24–25, 278n12
growth in London (England), 24
and juveniles or children, 133–35
as a moral issue, 10, 34, 102
in U.S. cities, 111–12
workhouses as a solution to, 22–24
power relations: between children and adult prisoners, 159–60
between prisoners and keepers, 139–40, 172, 179–80, 264
between surgeons and prisoners, 187–89
in corporal punishment, 233
Foucault on, 16–17
in medical practice, 183, 186
of new penal institutions, 263
of prison wardens, 170–71, 178
in social relationships, 16–17
Powers, William, 32–33, 38–39, 44–45
Priestley, Philip, 244
Prison Discipline Society, 63, 72
prison gate ministries, 258
prison history: constructions of criminality and, 268–69
human suffering and, 5, 266–67
ideology in, 16
importance of political economy in, 269–71
importance of prisoner relationships in, 4, 265
individuality and agency in, 265–67
legal innovation in, 8
prisoner transgression and, 17
prison labour: at Auburn Penitentiary, 27–28
contracts at Kingston Penitentiary, 40–42, 57
as core of early institutions, 8
as a cure for mental illness, 206–9
economic viability of, 58
feigning illness to avoid, 187–89
First Nations prisoners’ experiences, 129–30
historical connections to, 19–21, 270–71, 279n3
ideology of, 9–10, 19
industrial capitalism and, 28–29
intellectually disabled and, 222–23
legislation on, 36–37
lost productivity due to illness, 181–82
mark system and progressive stages of, 75, 77–78
as a method for moral reform, 9, 33, 58–59, 77–78, 224
opposition to, 36–38, 58–59
performed by women, 119
sexuality as a threat to, 215
underground economy at St. Vincent de Paul Penitentiary, 173–74
U.S. legal reforms on, 27–28
working conditions, 193–94
prison life: admission procedures, 139–47
daily schedule, 143–44
diet, 54–56
escape attempts, 160–67, 296n59, 296n62
mail and personal visitors, 150–51, 175
murder incidences, 158
mutiny, 163, 167–69, 239
prisoner insubordination and refusal to work, 155–56
riots, 169–72, 176–77
rules and regulations, 16, 139–40, 143, 293n16
sexual assault cases, 158–60
silent system, 147–50
social relationships of, 265
staff favouritism, 157–58
warden contact in daily operations, 154, 283n1
weaponry and shootings, 164–67, 169. See also corporal punishment; medical practice; prison labour
Prison of Isolation, Kingston Penitentiary: construction and completion of, 149, 249–50
death of convict Hewell at, 251–56
reformatory effects of, 246, 256–57
transfer of prisoners to, 177
prison reform. See reformers; reform movement
prison rights movements, 274–75
producer ideology, 38–39
prostitution, 115, 119
Punishment and Social Structure (Rusche & Kirchheimer), 9
Punishment and Welfare (Garland), 14
punishment, forms of: cat-o’-nine tails (“the cats”), 47–49, 228, 240–43
Oregon boot, 244, 307n55
shackling or chaining, 243–44
“shot drill practice,” 244
“the box,” 48, 228, 243
whippings or floggings, 1–2, 43, 47–49, 229, 238, 241–43, 305n8. See also corporal punishment; isolation
Quaker reformers, 33–35
Quinn, Fenian Thomas, 167–68
race: constructions of criminality and, 15, 119–20, 131
convict ratios by, 122
health assumptions based on, 194, 198
recorded on prison records, 119. See also black people; First Nations people
Rasp House, 24–25
Reaume, Geoffrey, 206–7
recidivists or habitual offenders, 104–8, 191, 258, 287n32
habitual criminals acts, 105, 248
Reed, Hayter, 128
reformatories for children, 101, 110, 133–35
Reformatory Schools (Carpenter), 110
reformers: attitudes on corporal punishment, 10–11, 71, 227, 230, 234–36, 243–44
Brown’s recommendations for Kingston Penitentiary, 62–69
concerns with repeat offenders, 105–6
Crofton’s penal philosophy and system, 78–81, 90
on distinctions between working classes and dangerous classes, 109–11
failure of ideas, 16
for female prisons, 85–87
humanitarian, 264, 266, 270
and ideological importance of labour, 9, 33–35, 59
influence on prisoner power relations, 179–80
influential figures, 3–4, 13, 78
institutional solutions for children, 132–33
Maconochie’s ideas and mark system, 75–78
personal approaches to criminality, 13–14
positivists, 96–98
Quaker influence, 33–35
reports for Canadian penal system, 69–72
responses to youth criminality, 132–37
solutions to social problems, 110
views on isolation, 246, 249
reform movement: based on prisoner transformation, 12–13
in Canadian penitentiary system, 2–3, 61, 88–91, 261–65
charity for released prisoners, 258–59
for childhood criminality, 132–37
class and, 7
and contrasts with punishment, 263–65
and corporal punishment, 12, 29, 227–29
and disparities of the modern penitentiary, 272
in England, 23–26, 78
focus on individuality, 14, 34, 96–98
historical impact of, 3
humanitarian, 2, 5, 33–35, 262–66, 270
and human suffering, 5, 266
ideological developments of, 7–8
international, 89, 248
in Ireland, 78–79
isolation and segregation practices, 249–50
key priorities of, 5
at Kingston Penitentiary, 61–70, 81, 83–84
medical discourses, 183
in mental illness care, 202–4
prison rights movements and activists, 274–75
for released prisoners, 249, 257–59
as a theoretical construct, 16
in United States, 26–28, 33–36, 80–81
in Upper Canada, 13, 30–32, 81–82
women’s penal, 85–87, 118
Reform Party, 37
released or discharged prisoners: biographical details of, 99
halfway homes for, 86
pardons for terminally ill prisoners, 192–93, 196–97
police supervision of, 105
salvation and moral reform for, 249, 257–59
religious instruction: for First Nations prisoners, 129–30
moral reformation through, 65–67, 71, 247
remission of sentences, 13, 80–81, 189
residuum, 103, 108, 112
resistance, 17–18, 140, 155–56. See also mutiny; riots
revisionist history and historians, 11, 262, 274, 277n3
rewards, system of, 83, 139
riots: at Attica Prison (1971), 274
in British penal colonies, 75
at Kingston Penitentiary (1971), 274
New York City Draft Riots (1863), 112
at St. Vincent de Paul Penitentiary, 169–72, 176–77
Robinson, Frederick, 64
Rockwood Criminal Lunatic Asylum, 201
Rogers, R. V., 49, 56, 121
Rollason, Heather, 127
Roman society, 20–21
Rothman, David, 26, 43, 98–99, 234, 274
Royal Commission, 170–72
rules and regulations, 16, 139–40, 143, 293n16
rule of silence, 147–50
Rusche, Georg, 9, 278n13
Salter, Thomas, 158, 256
Salvation Army, 249, 258–59
Sampson, James: charges against Frank Smith, 46, 51, 53
on detecting feigned illness, 187–88
medical treatment for prisoners, 48, 184, 203–4
on prisoner mortality rates, 194
San Quentin Prison, 272–74
Satzewich, Vic, 128
Scott, James C., 17, 140
sentencing: indeterminate, 13, 226, 248, 257–58
labour time in place of, 77
remission, 13, 80–81, 189
separate system, 27, 63, 78, 98, 147
used for habitual offenders, 106–7
sexual abuse: at Kingston Penitentiary, 2, 52, 117, 159–60
at Manitoba Penitentiary, 158–59
sexuality: between men and boys, 159
masturbation and treatment, 214–19
Victorian, 118, 215–16
women’s, 118
silent system, 28, 42, 63, 147–50
Sing, Ah, 240–41
Sing Sing (New York): contractual penal servitude, 36
disciplinary regime, 43
female inmates, 85–86
skilled labour, 37, 39–40, 58
slavery, 120–23, 289n78, 290n86
Smith, Angus, 208–10
Smith, Ashley, 268
Smith, Frank (son of Henry), 45–46, 50–54
Smith, Henry: appointment as warden, 32–33
Brown Commission inquiry into, 1, 47, 49–50, 53
relations with penitentiary board, 44–46, 51
on repeat offenders, 104
Smith, William, 54, 56
social divisions, 267–68
social experience, 7
Social Organization of Early Industrial Capitalism (Katz, Doucet & Stern), 7
social relationships, 16–17, 265
Spence, Alexander, 253–56
spermatorrhea, 215–19
Spierenburg, Pieter, 278n12
Splane, Richard, 79
statistics: admissions at Kingston Penitentiary asylum, 206
children and youth incarceration rates, 135
comparative criminality by race, 121–22
corporal punishment rate at Kingston Penitentiary, 47–49, 228
female crime and incarceration rates at Kingston Penitentiary, 117–19
medical requests for assistance, 188
mental illness rate at Cherry Hill Penitentiary, 63–64
on moral condition, 100–101
mortality rates for black and Aboriginal prisoners, 194
patients treated for spermatorrhea, 218
prisoner escape rates, 160–61
productivity rate at Kingston Penitentiary, 41, 119
prostitution rate in Ontario gaols, 115
recidivism rate at Kingston Penitentiary, 104
trades of committed convicts, 103, 287n23
Stedman Jones, Gareth, 110
stereotypes: of black prisoners, 123
on racial minorities, 15
of Victorian femininity, 114
on youth criminality, 114
Stewart, Douglas, 58, 102–4, 177, 244, 250
St. John Penitentiary, 164–65
Stony Mountain Penitentiary (Manitoba), 18, 82, 210. See also Manitoba Penitentiary
Strange, O. S., 188, 191, 205, 222
Strong-Boag, Veronica, 159
Sturdy, Louisa, 149–50
St. Vincent de Paul Penitentiary (Québec): corporal punishment at, 229, 238–39, 243
economic viability of, 271
elimination of cutlery, 169
escape attempts at, 161, 166–67
exploitation of prisoners, 175
founding of, 18, 82
handling of intellectually disabled prisoners, 221–22
hospital facilities, 185–86
murder of inmate Thomas Salter, 158
prisoners treated for spermatorrhea, 218
riots at, 169–72, 176–77
rule of silence, 148
underground economy at, 173–74
use of labour as therapy for mental illness, 207
working conditions, 193–94
Sullivan, J. M., 163
Sullivan, William, 255
Sutherland, W. R. D., 193–95, 197
Swainger, Jonathan, 82
Sykes, Gersham M., 139
Taylor, Ian, 96
Templeton, Eliza, 210–11
Thompson, E. P., 4
Thomson, H. C., 29–32, 38, 42, 62
Ticket of Leave Act (1899), 258
tobacco usage, 150–51, 155, 176, 294n25
Toronto Asylum, 118, 200–204, 209
Toronto Prison Congress, 234–35
Tory ruling, 35–38, 270
transgression: of black prisoners, 122
punishment for, 47, 96, 143
resistance and, 17, 140, 180
Treatise on Criminal Law (Gabbett), 166
Tuke, Daniel Hack (brother of James), 204
Tuke, James Hack (great-grandson of William), 202
Tuke, William, 207
uniform schemes, 144–47
Upper Canada: adoption of contractual penal servitude, 29, 35, 42
demographic instability in, 30, 35
development of modern penitentiary, 8, 32
gaols in, 29–30, 183, 280n26
industrialization in, 9
opposition to convict labour in, 36–37, 39
reformatories for children, 134–35
statute to transfer mentally ill prisoners, 200. See also Canadian penitentiary system
Utting, Edward, 45, 48, 50–51
Van Diemen’s Land colony, 75–76
Victoria Industrial School for Boys (Toronto), 134
Victorian era: anxieties about dangerous classes in, 112
classification of convicts, 104
notions of masculinity, 15, 232–33
prison reform in, 13–14
reformatories for youth, 132–34
responses to criminality, 98, 101, 137, 269
sexuality, 215–16
social reform, 201
stereotypes of femininity, 114–15
Victorian Prison Lives (Priestley), 244
violence: abolition of, 230
in death of convict Hewell, 251–56
to establish control and order, 139
isolation as an alternative to, 226
as a necessity in corporal punishment, 225, 227, 231–32, 236, 242
Nietzsche on, 234
persistence of, 11
practices at Auburn penitentiary, 42–44
practices at Sing Sing, 43
in prison life, 156–57, 159, 164
as a response to incorrigible offenders, 12, 226, 228
used in British penal colonies, 75–76. See also corporal punishment
Wallace, Alfred, 121
Walnut Street Prison (Philadelphia), 26, 34
Walsh, Edward, 159
Walton, Paul, 96
weaponry, 164, 169
Weapons of the Weak (Scott), 17
Weiner, Martin, 101, 105, 132, 229–30, 234
Wilson, Benjamin, 162
Wilson, Thomas, 157
Wines, E. C., 81, 90, 231, 235–36
Winks, Robin, 121, 290n86
women: gender divisions in labour, 15, 211–12
mental illness in, 207, 209–11, 302n91
penal reform movement for, 85–87, 118
slaves, 120
Victorian notions of femininity, 114–15. See also female prisoners
workhouses, 8, 22–24, 28, 35, 183, 222
working class: associations with criminality, 15, 102–3
associations with dangerous classes, 108–9, 112, 191
care for mentally ill, 209
children of, 50
health of, 186, 190
opposition to prison labour, 36–38
percentage of prison population, 102–3, 287n23
Workman, Joseph, 201
Wright, David, 219
Young, Jock, 96
youth criminality, 134–37. See also children
Zedner, Lucia, 86–87, 114